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1. 阅读理解
(The New York Times, Oct.7) The 2019 Nobel
Prize in physiology(生理学) or medicine was jointly awarded to three scientists
— William G. Kaelin Jr., Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg
L. Semenza — for their work on how cells sense and
adapt to oxygen availability. The Nobel Assembly announced the prize at the Karolinska
Institute in Stockholm on Monday.
Their work established the
genetic mechanisms(机制) that allow cells to respond to changes in oxygen
levels. The findings have implications(启示) for treating
a variety of diseases.
Why did they win?
"Oxygen is the lifeblood
of living organisms(生物体)," said Dr. George Daley, dean of Harvard
Medical School. "Without oxygen, cells can't survive." But too much
or too little oxygen can be deadly. The three researchers tried to answer this
question: How do cells regulate their responses?
The investigators uncovered
detailed genetic responses to changing oxygen levels that allow cells in the
bodies of humans and other animals to sense and respond to fluctuations(波动),
increasing and decreasing how much oxygen they receive.
Why is the work important?
The discoveries reveal the
cellular mechanisms that control such things as adaptation to high altitudes
and how cancer cells manage to hijack(攫取) oxygen. Randall Johnson, a
member of the Nobel Assembly, described the work as a "textbook
discovery" and said it would be something students would start learning at
the most basic levels of biology education.
"This is a basic aspect of
how a cell works, and I think from that standpoint alone it's a very exciting
thing." Johnson said.
The research also has
implications for treating various diseases in which oxygen is in short supply —
including anemia, heart attacks and strokes — as well
as for treatment of cancers that are fed by and seek out oxygen.
（1）This research has won the Nobel Prize mainly because ____________.
A . there was no research of this kind in the past
B . oxygen is the lifeblood of living things
C . it has uncovered how cells sense and respond to changes in oxygen levels
D . various diseases will be cured with the help of the findings of the research
（2）We can learn from the passage that _____________.
A . The Nobel Prize was awarded to a physiologist on Monday in Sweden.
B . Cancer cells manage to hijack oxygen and need oxygen to develop.
C . The more oxygen there is in blood, the healthier a living body will be.
D . The genetic mechanisms have been found that allow oxygen to adapt to cells.
（3）Which of the following can best explain the underlined word in the text?
A . used for textbooks
B . powerful and authoritative
C . typical as a perfect example
D . basic and clear
（4）In which part of The New York Times can you find this article?
A . Entertainment
B . Culture
C . Technology
D . Science
